Dovetailing darkness and light for designing sustainable outdoor spaces
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Abstract
This paper aims to derive a design framework for dovetailing darkness and light while planning outdoor spaces using the concept of pragmatic utopia. Pragmatic utopia is a sustainable design movement characterized by an inclusive outlook towards ecologically, economically, and socially sustainable design. Ideological concepts of pragmatic utopian lighting design derived from literature are presented via their criteria for expanding sustainable lighting. Values of darkness derived from literature are presented via their spatial characteristics and temporal outlook. These ideological lighting concepts are then systematically matched with the darkness values to develop a dark-light design framework that can be used as a guidance tool for analysing and designing outdoor spaces with darkness and light. The applicability of this framework is tested by analysing three popular outdoor lighting projects that have addressed critical issues such as biodiversity protection, darkness preservation, heritage conservation, and social interaction as case studies. The objective is to use this framework for improving the ecological, economical, and socio-cultural fabric of outdoor spaces with carefully planned darkness and lighting.
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Keywords
darkness, lighting, outdoor spaces, pragmatic utopia, sustainable design
References
1. Slade J. Changing Our Vocabulary. Lighting Design and Application: LD and A. 2021 Mar;51(3):20–2.
2. Slade J. Darkness as a Beacon. Lighting Design and Application: LD and A. 2021 Jun;51(6):18–20.
3. Slade J. From Tracks to Trails. Lighting Design and Application: LD and A. 2020 Nov;50(11):22–4.
4. Bogard P. The End of Night: Searching for Natural Darkness in an Age of Artificial Light. 1st ed. Boston, USA: Little, Brown and Company; 2013. 336 p.
5. Houser KW. Ethics and Fallacies of Human-Centric Lighting and Artificial Light at Night. LEUKOS [Internet]. 2021 Oct 2;17(4):319–20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2021.1951021
6. Dugar AM, Lewis TM. Pragmatic Utopian Lighting Design: A modern movement of careful design and conservation. In: LIGHTFAIR International LFI 2014. Las Vegas, NV, USA; 2014.
7. Dugar AM. Pragmatic Utopian Lighting Design - Classifying a modern architecture movement within the umbrella of sustainable design, and identifying its parallel lighting movement. In: National Conference on Recent Trends in Architecture & Civil Engineering towards Energy efficiency and Sustainable Development (NCACESD) 2019. Tiruchirappalli, INDIA: Department of Architecture, National Institute of Technology; 2019.
8. Kasperzyk D. Pragmatic Utopias: Planning With Nature. In: In Context [Internet]. Langley, WA, USA; 1991. p. 44. Available from: https://www.context.org/iclib/ic29/kasprzyk/
9. Ingels B. Yes is More: An Archicomic on Architectural Evolution. Cologne, GERMANY: TASCHEN GmbH; 2009. 400 p.
10. Human Centric Lighting: Going Beyond Energy Efficiency [Internet]. 2013. Available from: https://www.lightingeurope.org/images/publications/general/Market_Study-Human_Centric_Lighting._Final_July_2013.pdf
11. Slade J. Starving for Darkness. Lighting Design and Application: LD and A. 2018 Sep;48(9):62–5.
12. Slade J. The Hidden Toll. Lighting Design and Application: LD and A. 2019 Jun;49(6):30–2.
13. Slade J. Clear Skies Ahead. Lighting Design and Application: LD and A. 2019 Mar;49(3):14–5.
14. Slade J. The Lungs of the Earth. Lighting Design and Application: LD and A. 2019 Nov;49(11):26–8.
15. Riley WD, Bendall B, Ives MJ, Edmonds NJ, Maxwell DL. Street lighting disrupts the diel migratory pattern of wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts leaving their natal stream. Aquaculture [Internet]. 2012;330–333:74–81. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848611009690
16. Moore M V, Pierce SM, Walsh HM, Kvalvik SK, Lim JD. Urban light pollution alters the diel vertical migration of Daphnia. SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 [Internet]. 2000 Oct 1;27(2):779–82. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1998.11901341
17. Wiltschko R, Stapput K, Thalau P, Wiltschko W. Directional orientation of birds by the magnetic field under different light conditions. J R Soc Interface [Internet]. 2010;7(S2):163–77. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0367.focus
18. Aulsebrook LC, Bertram MG, Martin JM, Aulsebrook AE, Brodin T, Evans JP, et al. Reproduction in a polluted world: implications for wildlife. Reproduction [Internet]. 2020;160(2):R13–23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-20-0154
19. Miller CR, Barton BT, Zhu L, Radeloff VC, Oliver KM, Harmon JP, et al. Combined effects of night warming and light pollution on predator–prey interactions. Proc R Soc B [Internet]. 2017;284(1864). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1195
20. Chepesiuk R. Missing the Dark: Health Effects of Light Pollution. Environ Health Perspect [Internet]. 2009;117(1):A20–A27. Available from: https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.117-a20
21. Stevens RG, Zhu Y. Electric light, particularly at night, disrupts human circadian rhythmicity: is that a problem? Philos Trans R Soc B [Internet]. 2015;370(20140). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0120
22. Spivey A. Light Pollution: Light at Night and Breast Cancer Risk Worldwide. Environ Health Perspect [Internet]. 2010;118(12):A525. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.118-a525
23. Park Y-MM, White AJ, Jackson CL, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP. Association of Exposure to Artificial Light at Night While Sleeping With Risk of Obesity in Women. JAMA Intern Med [Internet]. 2019;179(8):1061–71. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2735446
24. Obayashi K, Saeki K, Iwamoto J, Ikada Y, Kurumatani N. Independent associations of exposure to evening light and nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion with diabetes in the elderly. Chronobiol Int [Internet]. 2014;31(3):394–400. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2013.864299
25. Methorst J, Rehdanz K, Mueller T, Hansjürgens B, Bonne A, Böhning-Gaesef K. The importance of species diversity for human well-being in Europe. Ecol Econ [Internet]. 2021;181. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106917
26. Macgregor CJ, Pocock MJO, Fox R, Evans DM. Effects of street lighting technologies on the success and quality of pollination in a nocturnally pollinated plant. Ecosphere [Internet]. 2019;10(1):e02550. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2550
27. Knop E, Zoller L, Ryser R, Gerpe C, Hörler M, Fontaine C. Artificial light at night as a new threat to pollination. Nature [Internet]. 2017;548(7666):206–9. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature23288
28. Palmer M, Gibbons R, Bhagavathula R, Holshouser D, Davidson D. Roadway lighting’s impact on altering soybean growth [Internet]. Illinois Center for Transportation Series No. 17-014. Illinois Center for Transportation; 2017. Available from: https://apps.ict.illinois.edu/projects/getfile.asp?id=5252
29. Fouquet R, Pearson PJG. The Long Run Demand for Lighting: Elasticities and Rebound Effects in Different Phases of Economic Development. Econ Energy Environ Policy [Internet]. 2012 Jan;1. Available from: http://www.bc3research.org/lits_publications.html
30. Fotios S, Gibbons R. Road lighting research for drivers and pedestrians: The basis of luminance and illuminance recommendations. Light Res Technol [Internet]. 2018;50(1):154–86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153517739055
31. Steinbach R, Perkins C, Tompson L, Johnson S, Armstrong B, Green J, et al. The effect of reduced street lighting on road casualties and crime in England and Wales: controlled interrupted time series analysis. J Epidemiol Community Heal [Internet]. 2015;69(11):1118–1124. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-206012
32. Narisada K, Schreuder D. Aim and purpose of outdoor lighting. In: Astrophysics and Space Science Library [Internet]. Dordrecht, THE NETHERLANDS: Springer; 2004. p. 37–59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2666-9_2
33. Duco Schreuder. Outdoor Lighting: Physics, Vision and Perception [Internet]. Dordrecht, THE NETHERLANDS: Springer; 2008. XVIII, 448. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8602-1
34. Fotios S, Unwin J, Farrall S. Road lighting and pedestrian reassurance after dark: A review. Light Res Technol [Internet]. 2015;47(4):449–69. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153514524587
35. Narboni R. Lighting the Landscape: Art, Design, Technologies. 1st ed. Basel, SWITZERLAND: Birkhäuser GmbH; 2004. 230 p.
36. Stone T. The Value of Darkness: A Moral Framework for Urban Nighttime Lighting. Sci Eng Ethics [Internet]. 2018;24(2):607–28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9924-0
37. Coxworth B. Dutch town goes with bat-friendly streetlights [Internet]. New Atlas. 2018 [cited 2021 May 20]. Available from: https://newatlas.com/signify-bat-friendly-streetlights/54979/
38. Halper M. Holland’s newest red-light district is a big boost for bats. LEDs Magazine [Internet]. 2018 Jul [cited 2021 Jun 3]; Available from: https://www.ledsmagazine.com/architectural-lighting/outdoor-lighting/article/16695773/hollands-newest-redlight-district-is-a-big-boost-for-bats-magazine
39. Rowse EG, Lewanzik D, Stone EL, Harris S, Jones G. Dark Matters: The Effects of Artificial Lighting on Bats. In: Voigt CC, Kingston T, editors. Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World [Internet]. Geneva, SWITZERLAND: Springer International Publishing AG; 2016. p. 187–213. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_7
40. Spoelstra K, Grunsven RHA van, Ramakers JJC, Ferguson KB, Raap T, Donners M, et al. Response of bats to light with different spectra: light-shy and agile bat presence is affected by white and green, but not red light. Proc R Soc B [Internet]. 2017;284(1855). Available from: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2017.0075
41. Spoelstra K, Ramakers JJC, Dis NE van, Visser ME. No effect of artificial light of different colors on commuting Daubenton’s bats (Myotis daubentonii) in a choice experiment. J Exp Zool Part A Ecol Integr Physiol. 2018;329(8–9):506–510.
42. Sanders D, Gaston KJ. How ecological communities respond to artificial light at night. J Exp Zool Part A Ecol Integr Physiol [Internet]. 2018;329(8–9):394–400. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2157
43. Costin KJ, Boulton A. A Field Experiment on the Effect of Introduced Light Pollution on Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in the Piedmont Region of Maryland. Coleopt Bull [Internet]. 2016;70(1):84–6. Available from: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1649/072.070.0110
44. Owens ACS, Meyer-Rochow VB, Yang E-C. Short- and mid-wavelength artificial light influences the flash signals of Aquatica ficta fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). Christian Wegener, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2018;13(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191576
45. Payne S. Slow Shutter Fireflies by Tsuneaki Hiramatsu [Internet]. The Coolist. 2013 [cited 2021 Jun 22]. Available from: https://www.thecoolist.com/slow-shutter-fireflies-by-tsuneaki-hiramatsu/
46. Gonchar J, Lentz LC. Dark-Sky Design: Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London. Architectural Record [Internet]. 2016 Aug [cited 2021 Jun 18]; Available from: https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/11818-dark-sky-design-queen-elizabeth-olympic-park
47. Donoff E. 2015 AL Design Awards: Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London. Architect Magazine [Internet]. 2015 Aug [cited 2021 Jul 5]; Available from: https://www.architectmagazine.com/al-design-awards/2015-al-design-awards-queen-elizabeth-olympic-park-london_o
48. Casciani D, Rossi M. ELSE, Experience of Lighting Sustainability in the Environment. In: Cumulus 2012: “Open, participative cities: how design knowledge can support public services in the development of open, participative human environment". Helsinki, FINLAND; 2012.
49. Pandharipande A. Editorial: Connected lighting and societal impact. Light Res Technol [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1;52(5):581. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153520940903
50. Mullaney J. Illuminating the High Line [Internet]. High Line. 2014 [cited 2021 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.thehighline.org/blog/2014/05/21/illuminating-the-high-line-2/
51. Gonchar J, Lentz LC. Dark-Sky Design: The High Line. Architectural Record [Internet]. 2016 Aug [cited 2021 Sep 13]; Available from: https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/11820-dark-sky-design-the-high-line
52. Gerrish GA, Morin JG, Rivers TJ, Patrawala Z. Darkness as an ecological resource: the role of light in partitioning the nocturnal niche. Oecologia [Internet]. 2009;160(3):525–536. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00442-009-1327-8
53. Bird friendly materials [Internet]. New York, NY, USA, USA; 2020. Available from: https://legistar.council.nyc.gov/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=3903501&GUID=21B44B73-D7E1-4C55-83BD-1CA254531416&Options=&Search=
54. Bird-Friendly Guidelines [Internet]. Toronto, ON, CANADA; 2016. Available from: https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/planning-development/official-plan-guidelines/design-guidelines/bird-friendly-guidelines/
55. Cambridge, MA: Setting the example for adaptive street lighting [Internet]. Lumewave by Echelon. Echelon Corporation; 2016. Available from: www.echelon.com
56. Taggart S. Chicago Style. Lighting Design and Application: LD and A. 2021 Jun;51(6):36–8.
2. Slade J. Darkness as a Beacon. Lighting Design and Application: LD and A. 2021 Jun;51(6):18–20.
3. Slade J. From Tracks to Trails. Lighting Design and Application: LD and A. 2020 Nov;50(11):22–4.
4. Bogard P. The End of Night: Searching for Natural Darkness in an Age of Artificial Light. 1st ed. Boston, USA: Little, Brown and Company; 2013. 336 p.
5. Houser KW. Ethics and Fallacies of Human-Centric Lighting and Artificial Light at Night. LEUKOS [Internet]. 2021 Oct 2;17(4):319–20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2021.1951021
6. Dugar AM, Lewis TM. Pragmatic Utopian Lighting Design: A modern movement of careful design and conservation. In: LIGHTFAIR International LFI 2014. Las Vegas, NV, USA; 2014.
7. Dugar AM. Pragmatic Utopian Lighting Design - Classifying a modern architecture movement within the umbrella of sustainable design, and identifying its parallel lighting movement. In: National Conference on Recent Trends in Architecture & Civil Engineering towards Energy efficiency and Sustainable Development (NCACESD) 2019. Tiruchirappalli, INDIA: Department of Architecture, National Institute of Technology; 2019.
8. Kasperzyk D. Pragmatic Utopias: Planning With Nature. In: In Context [Internet]. Langley, WA, USA; 1991. p. 44. Available from: https://www.context.org/iclib/ic29/kasprzyk/
9. Ingels B. Yes is More: An Archicomic on Architectural Evolution. Cologne, GERMANY: TASCHEN GmbH; 2009. 400 p.
10. Human Centric Lighting: Going Beyond Energy Efficiency [Internet]. 2013. Available from: https://www.lightingeurope.org/images/publications/general/Market_Study-Human_Centric_Lighting._Final_July_2013.pdf
11. Slade J. Starving for Darkness. Lighting Design and Application: LD and A. 2018 Sep;48(9):62–5.
12. Slade J. The Hidden Toll. Lighting Design and Application: LD and A. 2019 Jun;49(6):30–2.
13. Slade J. Clear Skies Ahead. Lighting Design and Application: LD and A. 2019 Mar;49(3):14–5.
14. Slade J. The Lungs of the Earth. Lighting Design and Application: LD and A. 2019 Nov;49(11):26–8.
15. Riley WD, Bendall B, Ives MJ, Edmonds NJ, Maxwell DL. Street lighting disrupts the diel migratory pattern of wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts leaving their natal stream. Aquaculture [Internet]. 2012;330–333:74–81. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848611009690
16. Moore M V, Pierce SM, Walsh HM, Kvalvik SK, Lim JD. Urban light pollution alters the diel vertical migration of Daphnia. SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 [Internet]. 2000 Oct 1;27(2):779–82. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1998.11901341
17. Wiltschko R, Stapput K, Thalau P, Wiltschko W. Directional orientation of birds by the magnetic field under different light conditions. J R Soc Interface [Internet]. 2010;7(S2):163–77. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0367.focus
18. Aulsebrook LC, Bertram MG, Martin JM, Aulsebrook AE, Brodin T, Evans JP, et al. Reproduction in a polluted world: implications for wildlife. Reproduction [Internet]. 2020;160(2):R13–23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-20-0154
19. Miller CR, Barton BT, Zhu L, Radeloff VC, Oliver KM, Harmon JP, et al. Combined effects of night warming and light pollution on predator–prey interactions. Proc R Soc B [Internet]. 2017;284(1864). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1195
20. Chepesiuk R. Missing the Dark: Health Effects of Light Pollution. Environ Health Perspect [Internet]. 2009;117(1):A20–A27. Available from: https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.117-a20
21. Stevens RG, Zhu Y. Electric light, particularly at night, disrupts human circadian rhythmicity: is that a problem? Philos Trans R Soc B [Internet]. 2015;370(20140). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0120
22. Spivey A. Light Pollution: Light at Night and Breast Cancer Risk Worldwide. Environ Health Perspect [Internet]. 2010;118(12):A525. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.118-a525
23. Park Y-MM, White AJ, Jackson CL, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP. Association of Exposure to Artificial Light at Night While Sleeping With Risk of Obesity in Women. JAMA Intern Med [Internet]. 2019;179(8):1061–71. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2735446
24. Obayashi K, Saeki K, Iwamoto J, Ikada Y, Kurumatani N. Independent associations of exposure to evening light and nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion with diabetes in the elderly. Chronobiol Int [Internet]. 2014;31(3):394–400. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2013.864299
25. Methorst J, Rehdanz K, Mueller T, Hansjürgens B, Bonne A, Böhning-Gaesef K. The importance of species diversity for human well-being in Europe. Ecol Econ [Internet]. 2021;181. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106917
26. Macgregor CJ, Pocock MJO, Fox R, Evans DM. Effects of street lighting technologies on the success and quality of pollination in a nocturnally pollinated plant. Ecosphere [Internet]. 2019;10(1):e02550. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2550
27. Knop E, Zoller L, Ryser R, Gerpe C, Hörler M, Fontaine C. Artificial light at night as a new threat to pollination. Nature [Internet]. 2017;548(7666):206–9. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature23288
28. Palmer M, Gibbons R, Bhagavathula R, Holshouser D, Davidson D. Roadway lighting’s impact on altering soybean growth [Internet]. Illinois Center for Transportation Series No. 17-014. Illinois Center for Transportation; 2017. Available from: https://apps.ict.illinois.edu/projects/getfile.asp?id=5252
29. Fouquet R, Pearson PJG. The Long Run Demand for Lighting: Elasticities and Rebound Effects in Different Phases of Economic Development. Econ Energy Environ Policy [Internet]. 2012 Jan;1. Available from: http://www.bc3research.org/lits_publications.html
30. Fotios S, Gibbons R. Road lighting research for drivers and pedestrians: The basis of luminance and illuminance recommendations. Light Res Technol [Internet]. 2018;50(1):154–86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153517739055
31. Steinbach R, Perkins C, Tompson L, Johnson S, Armstrong B, Green J, et al. The effect of reduced street lighting on road casualties and crime in England and Wales: controlled interrupted time series analysis. J Epidemiol Community Heal [Internet]. 2015;69(11):1118–1124. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-206012
32. Narisada K, Schreuder D. Aim and purpose of outdoor lighting. In: Astrophysics and Space Science Library [Internet]. Dordrecht, THE NETHERLANDS: Springer; 2004. p. 37–59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2666-9_2
33. Duco Schreuder. Outdoor Lighting: Physics, Vision and Perception [Internet]. Dordrecht, THE NETHERLANDS: Springer; 2008. XVIII, 448. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8602-1
34. Fotios S, Unwin J, Farrall S. Road lighting and pedestrian reassurance after dark: A review. Light Res Technol [Internet]. 2015;47(4):449–69. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153514524587
35. Narboni R. Lighting the Landscape: Art, Design, Technologies. 1st ed. Basel, SWITZERLAND: Birkhäuser GmbH; 2004. 230 p.
36. Stone T. The Value of Darkness: A Moral Framework for Urban Nighttime Lighting. Sci Eng Ethics [Internet]. 2018;24(2):607–28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9924-0
37. Coxworth B. Dutch town goes with bat-friendly streetlights [Internet]. New Atlas. 2018 [cited 2021 May 20]. Available from: https://newatlas.com/signify-bat-friendly-streetlights/54979/
38. Halper M. Holland’s newest red-light district is a big boost for bats. LEDs Magazine [Internet]. 2018 Jul [cited 2021 Jun 3]; Available from: https://www.ledsmagazine.com/architectural-lighting/outdoor-lighting/article/16695773/hollands-newest-redlight-district-is-a-big-boost-for-bats-magazine
39. Rowse EG, Lewanzik D, Stone EL, Harris S, Jones G. Dark Matters: The Effects of Artificial Lighting on Bats. In: Voigt CC, Kingston T, editors. Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World [Internet]. Geneva, SWITZERLAND: Springer International Publishing AG; 2016. p. 187–213. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_7
40. Spoelstra K, Grunsven RHA van, Ramakers JJC, Ferguson KB, Raap T, Donners M, et al. Response of bats to light with different spectra: light-shy and agile bat presence is affected by white and green, but not red light. Proc R Soc B [Internet]. 2017;284(1855). Available from: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2017.0075
41. Spoelstra K, Ramakers JJC, Dis NE van, Visser ME. No effect of artificial light of different colors on commuting Daubenton’s bats (Myotis daubentonii) in a choice experiment. J Exp Zool Part A Ecol Integr Physiol. 2018;329(8–9):506–510.
42. Sanders D, Gaston KJ. How ecological communities respond to artificial light at night. J Exp Zool Part A Ecol Integr Physiol [Internet]. 2018;329(8–9):394–400. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2157
43. Costin KJ, Boulton A. A Field Experiment on the Effect of Introduced Light Pollution on Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in the Piedmont Region of Maryland. Coleopt Bull [Internet]. 2016;70(1):84–6. Available from: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1649/072.070.0110
44. Owens ACS, Meyer-Rochow VB, Yang E-C. Short- and mid-wavelength artificial light influences the flash signals of Aquatica ficta fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). Christian Wegener, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2018;13(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191576
45. Payne S. Slow Shutter Fireflies by Tsuneaki Hiramatsu [Internet]. The Coolist. 2013 [cited 2021 Jun 22]. Available from: https://www.thecoolist.com/slow-shutter-fireflies-by-tsuneaki-hiramatsu/
46. Gonchar J, Lentz LC. Dark-Sky Design: Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London. Architectural Record [Internet]. 2016 Aug [cited 2021 Jun 18]; Available from: https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/11818-dark-sky-design-queen-elizabeth-olympic-park
47. Donoff E. 2015 AL Design Awards: Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London. Architect Magazine [Internet]. 2015 Aug [cited 2021 Jul 5]; Available from: https://www.architectmagazine.com/al-design-awards/2015-al-design-awards-queen-elizabeth-olympic-park-london_o
48. Casciani D, Rossi M. ELSE, Experience of Lighting Sustainability in the Environment. In: Cumulus 2012: “Open, participative cities: how design knowledge can support public services in the development of open, participative human environment". Helsinki, FINLAND; 2012.
49. Pandharipande A. Editorial: Connected lighting and societal impact. Light Res Technol [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1;52(5):581. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153520940903
50. Mullaney J. Illuminating the High Line [Internet]. High Line. 2014 [cited 2021 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.thehighline.org/blog/2014/05/21/illuminating-the-high-line-2/
51. Gonchar J, Lentz LC. Dark-Sky Design: The High Line. Architectural Record [Internet]. 2016 Aug [cited 2021 Sep 13]; Available from: https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/11820-dark-sky-design-the-high-line
52. Gerrish GA, Morin JG, Rivers TJ, Patrawala Z. Darkness as an ecological resource: the role of light in partitioning the nocturnal niche. Oecologia [Internet]. 2009;160(3):525–536. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00442-009-1327-8
53. Bird friendly materials [Internet]. New York, NY, USA, USA; 2020. Available from: https://legistar.council.nyc.gov/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=3903501&GUID=21B44B73-D7E1-4C55-83BD-1CA254531416&Options=&Search=
54. Bird-Friendly Guidelines [Internet]. Toronto, ON, CANADA; 2016. Available from: https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/planning-development/official-plan-guidelines/design-guidelines/bird-friendly-guidelines/
55. Cambridge, MA: Setting the example for adaptive street lighting [Internet]. Lumewave by Echelon. Echelon Corporation; 2016. Available from: www.echelon.com
56. Taggart S. Chicago Style. Lighting Design and Application: LD and A. 2021 Jun;51(6):36–8.
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