Maps of light pollution in odd places Are night time satellite pictures making us to forget natural darkness?
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Abstract
Advances in remote sensing have proved to be highly valuable for the light pollution research and awareness raising. Maps based on night time satellite data can be used in communication campaigns aimed to improve the public and policy awareness about the extent and effects of light pollution and to justify appropriate management actions. However, visually appealing maps are also used in other communication settings. This article reviews different uses of light pollution maps and discusses the societal implications such uses. Based on examples of light pollution maps in different communication settings not directly related to light pollution debate the review proposes that the relatively wide popularity of light pollution maps may strengthen the impressions of artificially illuminated night environment as the normal baseline for human experience. This contributes to the loss of experience of the natural darkness possibly leading to generational amnesia complicating the management of light pollution. Multiple uses of light pollution maps and other visualizations should be taken into account when campaigns and policies aimed to support sustainable lighting are planned and implemented.
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Keywords
communication, framing, loss of experience, representations, shifting baseline syndrome, maps
References
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[3] Garstang, R.H. (2004). Mount Wilson Observatory: The Sad Story of Light Pollution. Observatory 124, 14-21.
[4] Chepesiuk, R. (2009). Missing the Dark: Health Effects of Light Pollution. Environmental Health Perspectives 117(1), A20-A27.
[5] Navara, K.J. & Nelson, R.J. (2007). The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences. Journal of Pineal Research 43(3), 215-224. 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00473.x
[6] Tähkämö, L., Partonen, T. & Pesonen, A.-K. (2019). Systematic review of light exposure impact on human circadian rhythm. Chronobiology International 36(2), 151-170. 10.1080/07420528.2018.1527773
[7] Dominoni, D.M., Borniger, J.C. & Nelson, R.J. (2016). Light at night, clocks and health: from humans to wild organisms. Biology Letters 12(2), 20160015. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0015
[8] EC, (2019). Lighting the Future. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/lighting-future. (Accessed October 19 2019).
[9] Boyce, P.R. (2019). The benefits of light at night. Building and Environment 151, 356-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.01.020
[10] Falchi, F., Cinzano, P., Elvidge, C.D., Keith, D.M. & Haim, A. (2011). Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility. Journal of Environmental Management 92(10), 2714-2722.
[11] Hiltunen, A.P., Kumpula, T. & Tykkyläinen, M. (2018). Yövalaistuksen ja valopäästöjen alueellinen jakautuminen Suomessa (The geospatial distributions of night illumination and light emissions in Finland). Terra 130(4), 175-188.
[12] Falchi, F., Cinzano, P., Duriscoe, D., Kyba, C.C.M., Elvidge, C.D., Baugh, K., . . . & Furgoni, R. (2016). The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness. Science Advances 2(6), e1600377. 10.1126/sciadv.1600377
[13] Barentine, J.C. (2019). Methods for Assessment and Monitoring of Light Pollution around Ecologically Sensitive Sites. Journal of Imaging 5(5), 54. 10.3390/jimaging5050054
[14] Giacomelli, A., Massetti, L., Sabatini, F. & Maggi, E. (2016). Participatory Dark Sky Quality Monitoring from Italy: Interactions Between Awareness Raising and Research. International Journal of Sustainable Lighting 18, 40-48. https://doi.org/10.26607/ijsl.v18i0.20
[15] Morgan-Taylor, M. (2015). Regulating light pollution in Europe. in: J. Meier, U. Hasenöhrl, K. Krause, M. Pottharst (Eds.), Urban Lighting, Light Pollution and Society. Routledge, New York, 159-176.
[16] Kamrowski, R., Sutton, S., Tobin, R. & Hamann, M. (2015). Balancing artificial light at night with turtle conservation? Coastal community engagement with light-glow reduction. Environmental Conservation 42(2), 171-181. 10.1017/S0376892914000216
[17] Rodrigues, A.L.O., Rodrigues, A. & Peroff, D.M. (2015). The Sky and Sustainable Tourism Development: A Case Study of a Dark Sky Reserve Implementation in Alqueva. International Journal of Tourism Research 17(3), 292-302. 10.1002/jtr.1987
[18] Lyytimäki, J., Tapio, P. & Assmuth, T. (2012). Unawareness in environmental protection: The case of light pollution from traffic. Land Use Policy 29(3), 598-604.
[19] Seppänen, J. & Väliverronen, E. (2003). Visualizing Biodiversity: The Role of Photographs in Environmental Discourse. Science as Culture 12(1), 59-85. 10.1080/0950543032000062263
[20] Lehman, B., Thompson, J., Davis, S. & Carlson, J.M. (2019). Affective Images of Climate Change. Frontiers in Psychology 10(960). 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00960
[21] Aiello, G. & Parry, K., (2020). Visual communication. Understanding images in media culture. Sage, London.
[22] Goransson, K. & Fagerholm, A.-S. (2018). Towards visual strategic communications. Journal of Communication Management 22(1), 46-66. 10.1108/JCOM-12-2016-0098
[23] Hansen, A. & Machin, D. (2013). Researching Visual Environmental Communication. Environmental Communication 7(2), 151-168. 10.1080/17524032.2013.785441
[24] Bucchi, M. & Saracino, B. (2016). “Visual Science Literacy”: Images and Public Understanding of Science in the Digital Age. Science Communication 38(6), 812-819. 10.1177/1075547016677833
[25] Palinkas, L.A., Horwitz, S.M., Green, C.A., Wisdom, J.P., Duan, N. & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research 42(5), 533-544. 10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
[26] Lyytimäki, J., Gudmundsson, H. & Sørensen, C.H. (2014). Russian Dolls and Chinese Whispers: Two Perspectives on the Unintended Effects of Sustainability Indicator Communication. Sustainable Development 22(2), 84-94. 10.1002/sd.530
[27] Swindall, J.E., Ober, H.K., Lamont, M.M. & Carthy, R.R. (2019). Informing sea turtle outreach efforts to maximize effectiveness. Wildlife Society Bulletin 43(3), 436-446. 10.1002/wsb.1004
[28] Eurostat, (2019). Shedding light on energy in the EU. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy/. (Accessed October 21 2019).
[29] Jakle, J.A., (2001). City lights: illuminating the American night. Johns Hopkins University Press.
[30] Patterson, W., (2007). Keeping the Lights On: Towards Sustainable Electricity. Earthscan, London.
[31] EEA, (2019 ). SOER videos. SOER 2019 animation. https://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2020/soer-2020-videos.
[32] EEA, (2019 ). The European Environment - State and Outlook 2020. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen.
[33] Heise, U.K., (2008). Sense of Place and Sense of Planet: The Environmental Imagination of the Global. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[34] Elonen, P., (2019). Tervetuloa metsään. https://dynamic.hs.fi/2019/kielletty_metsa/.
[35] Adato, (2008). Kotitalouksien sähkönkäyttö 2006. Tutkimusraportti 2.10.2008. Adato Energia Oy, Helsinki.
[36] Dufour, A. & Song, M., (2018). Le Piège des Kim. [aired to 14. November 2019, Yle TV1]. Hikari & Arte C.G.i.E. & Pictonavo.
[37] Cerami, A., (2018). The Night Lights of North Korea. Prosperity Shining and Public Policy Governance. University Library of Munich, Germany.
[38] YLE, (2019). YLE Aamu-TV, YLE TV1, 26. Sept. 2019.
[39] Ghosh, T., Powell, R.L., Elvidge, C.D., Baugh, K.E., Sutton, P.C. & Anderson, S. (2010). Shedding Light on the Global Distribution of Economic Activity. The Open Geography Journal 3, 147-160.
[40] Ivan, K., Holobâc?, I.-H., Benedek, J. & Török, I. (2020). Potential of Night-Time Lights to Measure Regional Inequality. Remote Sensing 12(1), 33. 10.3390/rs12010033
[41] Florida, R. (2005). The word in numbers. The world is spiky. Atlantic Monthly October 2005, 48-51.
[42] Monmonier, M., (1991). How to lie with maps. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
[43] Cacciatore, M.A., Scheufele, D.A. & Iyengar, S. (2016). The End of Framing as we Know it … and the Future of Media Effects. Mass Communication and Society 19(1), 7-23. 10.1080/15205436.2015.1068811
[44] Entman, R.M. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication 43(4), 51-58. 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
[45] Gallaway, T. (2010). On Light Pollution, Passive Pleasures, and the Instrumental Value of Beauty. J. Econ. Issues 44(1), 71-88. 10.2753/jei0021-3624440104
[46] Ekirch, R.A., (2005). At day's close: night in times past. W.W. Norton & Company, New York.
[47] Meier, J., Hasenöhrl, U., Krause, K. & Pottharst, M., (2015). Urban lighting, light pollution, and society. Routledge New York.
[48] Boulding, K., E. (1966). Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth. in: H. Jarret (Ed.), Environmental Quality Issues in a Growing Economy. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 3-14.
[49] Lyytimäki, J. (2013). Nature’s nocturnal services: Light pollution as a non-recognised challenge for ecosystem services research and management. Ecosystem Services 3, e44-e48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.12.001
[50] Kyba, C.C., Hänel, A. & Hölker, F. (2014). Redefining efficiency for outdoor lighting. Energy & Environmental Science 7(6), 1806-1809. 10.1039/C4EE00566J
[51] Pauly, D. (1995). Anecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome of fisheries. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10(10), 430.
[52] Kahn, P.H. & Friedman, B. (1995). Environmental Views and Values of Children in an Inner-City Black Community. Child Development 66(5), 1403-1417. 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00942.x
[53] Soga, M. & Gaston, K.J. (2018). Shifting baseline syndrome: causes, consequences, and implications. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 16(4), 222-230. 10.1002/fee.1794
[54] Kahn, P.H., Severson, R.L. & Ruckert, J.H. (2009). The Human Relation With Nature and Technological Nature. Current Directions in Psychological Science 18(1), 37-42. 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01602.x
[55] Soga, M. & Gaston, K.J. (2020). The ecology of human–nature interactions. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, 20191882. 10.1098/rspb.2019.1882
[56] Miller, J.R. (2005). Biodiversity conservation and the extinction of experience. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20(8), 430-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.05.013
[57] Appelt, S. (2017). Touched by light. International Journal of Sustainable Lighting 19(1), 36-47. 10.26607/ijsl.v19i1.67
[58] Marchant, P.R. (2011). Have new street lighting schemes reduced crime in London? Radical Statistics 104, 39-48.
[59] Steinbach, R., Perkins, C., Tompson, L., Johnson, S., Armstrong, B., Green, J., . . . & Edwards, P. (2015). The effect of reduced street lighting on road casualties and crime in England and Wales: controlled interrupted time series analysis. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 69(11), 1118-1124. 10.1136/jech-2015-206012
[60] Schuler, L.D., Schatz, R. & Berweger, C.D. (2018). From global radiance to an increased local political awareness of light pollution. Environmental Science & Policy 89, 142-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.07.011
[61] Stone, T. (2017). Light Pollution: A Case Study in Framing an Environmental Problem. Ethics, Policy & Environment 20(3), 279-293. 10.1080/21550085.2017.1374010
[62] Meier, J. (2018). Contentious Light: An Analytical Framework for Lighting Conflicts. International Journal of Sustainable Lighting 20(2), 62-77. 10.26607/ijsl.v20i2.89
[63] Lyytimäki, J. (2015). Avoiding overly bright future: The systems intelligence perspective on the management of light pollution. Environmental Development 16, 4-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2015.06.009
[64] Hasenöhrl, U. (2015). Lighting conflicts from a historical perspective in: J. Meier, U. Hasenöhrl, K. Krause, M. Pottharst (Eds.), Urban Lighting, Light Pollution and Society. Routledge, New York, 103-124.
[65] Boyce, P. (2019). Editorial: The years of peace are ending. Lighting Research & Technology 51(8), 1141-1141. 10.1177/1477153519891876
[66] Schulte-Römer, N., Meier, J., Dannemann, E. & Söding, M. (2019). Lighting Professionals versus Light Pollution Experts? Investigating Views on an Emerging Environmental Concern. Sustainability 11(6), 1696. 10.3390/su11061696
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