Contentious Light: An Analytical Framework for Lighting Conflicts
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Abstract
This paper takes into view the broad range of contemporary conflicts regarding outdoor lighting. It proposes a working-definition that allows for differentiating lighting conflicts from other forms of lighting-related contention, as well as an analytical framework that allows for the structured description of individual lighting conflicts, and the comparative analysis of multiple cases. The analytical framework was developed based on the social-scientific analysis of media reports of existing conflict cases in Europe and North America, and informed by existing knowledge from the fields of lighting and conflict studies. A central challenge for developing such a framework is dealing with the high level of contingency and complexity of lighting conflicts. The framework reduces this complexity by focusing its field of vision to those aspects that are directly related to the lighting and its contestation. For each of these aspects, it provides sets of descriptive variables that allow for describing the conflicts’ individuality in a standardized – and thus comparable – way. The framework strictly separates the regarded aspects from their judgment by the conflict parties, making it possible to contrast their views on one and the same lighting situation. A visual template supports the process of analysis. It allows for depicting individual cases in short, and for clearly identifying where perspectives differ. At the multiple-case level, the framework not only opens up possibilities for spatial and temporal comparisons of lighting conflicts and the subsequent development of typologies, but also for harnessing their potential for informing the development of more sustainable planning and policy approaches for artificial lighting.
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Keywords
lighting, conflict, contention, method, classification
References
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Fressoz, J.-B. (2007). The Gas Lighting Controversy: Technological Risk, Expertise, and Regulation in Nineteenth-Century Paris and London. Journal of Urban History, 33(5), 729–755. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144207301418
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Hasenöhrl, U. (2015). Lighting Conflicts From a Historical Perspective. In J. Meier, U. Hasenöhrl, K. Krause, & M. Pottharst (Eds.), Urban Lighting, Light Pollution and Society (pp. 105–124). New York/Oxon: Routledge.
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Meier, J. (2018). Temporal Profiles of Urban Lighting: Proposal for a research design and first results from three sites in Berlin. International Journal of Sustainable Lighting, 20(1), 11–28. https://doi.org/10.26607/ijsl.v19i2.82
Meyer, B. (2011). Entstehung und Austragungsformen von Konflikten, Hindernisse bei ihrer Regelung und Strategien, diese friedlich zu überwinden. In Konfliktregelung und Friedensstrategien (S. 27–100). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-92789-3_2
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Pottharst, M., & Wukovitsch, F. (2015). The Economics of Night-Time Illumination. In J. Meier, U. Hasenöhrl, K. Krause, & M. Pottharst (Eds.), Urban Lighting, Light Pollution and Society (pp. 203–223). New York/Oxon: Routledge.
Povoledo, E. (2017, March 27). Streetlight Fight in Rome: Golden Glow vs. Harsh LED. The New York Times. Retrieved November 16, 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/27/world/europe/rome-streetlights-led-lights.html
Radicchi, A., Meier, J., & Henckel, D. (2016). Urban Planning Challenges: Toward integrated approaches to sustainable lightscape and soundscape planning. Presented at the ALAN 2016, Cluj-Napoca. Retrieved July 28, 2017, from http://artificiallightatnight.weebly.com/uploads/3/7/0/5/37053463/radicchi-meier-henckel.pdf
Rehmann, M. (2013). Gewerbliche Beleuchtung im Wohnquartier – eine unterschätzte nächtliche Belastung? (Vol. 5). Berlin: Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin. Retrieved July 7, 2015, from http://www.verlustdernacht.de/tl_files/VDN/Literature/VdN-Band5_final_web.pdf
Roberts, M., & Turner, C. (2005). Conflicts of Liveability in the 24-hour City: Learning from 48 Hours in the Life of London’s Soho. Journal of Urban Design, 10(2), 171–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800500086931
Röderer, J. (2014, July 4). Freiburg: Beleuchtungskonzept: Mehr Licht für den Freiburger Münsterturm? Badische Zeitung. Retrieved July 24, 2014, from http://www.badische-zeitung.de/freiburg/mehr-licht-fuer-den-freiburger-muensterturm--87041121.html
Rucht, D., Koopmans, R., & Neidhardt, F. (1998). Introduction: Protest as a Subject of Empirical Research. In D. Rucht, R. Koopmans, & F. Niedhardt (Eds.), Acts of Dissent: New Developments in the Study of Protest (pp. 7–30). Berlin: Edition Sigma.
Schivelbusch, W. (2004). Lichtblicke: Zur Geschichte der künstlichen Helligkeit im 19. Jahrhundert. Frankfurt/Main: Fischer.
Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice. London: SAGE.
Schulreich, E. (2010, August 19). Strom sparen: Bad Lausick schaltet ab. Leipziger Volkszeitung. Retrieved August 7, 2018, from http://www.lvz.de/Region/Geithain/Strom-sparen-Bad-Lausick-schaltet-ab
Schulte-Römer, N. (2014). The Case of Berlin Gas Street Lighting. Translating Engagement into Innovation. In H. Knoblauch, M. Jacobs, & R. Tuma (Eds.), Culture, Communication, and Creativity: Reframing the Relations of Media, Knowledge, and Innovation in Society (1st ed., pp. 303–324). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Schulte-Römer, N. (2015). Innovating in public: the introduction of LED lighting in Berlin and Lyon. TU Berlin, Berlin. Retrieved from https://depositonce.tu-berlin.de//handle/11303/5211
Schulte-Römer, N., Dannemann, E., & Meier, J. (2018). Light Pollution: A Global Discussion. Leipzig: Umweltforschungszentrum (UFZ). In press.
Schultz, N. (2003). Factual Disputes. G. Burgess & H. Burgess (Eds.), Beyond Intractability. Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Retrieved September 4, 2018, from https://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/factual_disputes
Schulz, K. (2018, June 8). Bürger in Frotheim haben Angst vor “Lichtverschmutzung.” Neue Westfälische. Retrieved June 11, 2018, from http://www.nw.de/lokal/kreis_minden_luebbecke/espelkamp/22158568_Buerger-in-Frotheim-haben-Angst-vor-Lichtverschmutzung.html
Spitzmüller, C. (2016, 22). Märkisches Viertel in Berlin: Anwohner stören sich an nächtlicher Dauerbeleuchtung. Tagesspiegel. Retrieved March 12, 2018, from https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/maerkisches-viertel-in-berlin-anwohner-stoeren-sich-an-naechtlicher-dauerbeleuchtung/13488150.html
Stone, T. (2017). Light Pollution: A Case Study in Framing an Environmental Problem. Ethics, Policy & Environment, 20(3), 279–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2017.1374010
Torre, A., Melot, R., Magsi, H., Bossuet, L., Cadoret, A., Caron, A., … Kolokouris, O. (2014). Identifying and measuring land-use and proximity conflicts: methods and identification. SpringerPlus, 3(85). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-85
Trudelle, C. (2003). Au-delà des mouvements sociaux: une typologie relationnelle des conflits urbains. Cahiers de géographie du Québec, 47(131), 223–242. https://doi.org/10.7202/007573ar
von der Dunk, A., Grêt-Regamey, A., Dalang, T., & Hersperger, A. M. (2011). Defining a typology of peri-urban land-use conflicts – A case study from Switzerland. Landscape and Urban Planning, 101(2), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.007
Wright, W. (2015, June 9). Light pollution in the Historic River District. Retrieved June 22, 2015, from http://www.scrippsmedia.com/fox4now/news/306695891.html
Zumtobel. (2013). The Lighting Handbook. Dornbirn: Zumtobel. Retrieved June 25, 2015, from https://www.zumtobel.com/PDB/teaser/SV/Lichthandbuch.pdf
Burgess, G., & Burgess, H. (2017). Glossary. Retrieved September 22, 2018, from https://www.beyondintractability.org/library/glossary
Coser, L. A. (1956). The functions of social conflict (Repr.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Dunning, B. (2014, May 20). New streetlight goes over like a LED balloon. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http://www.davisenterprise.com/local-news/dunning/bob-dunning-new-streetlight-goes-over-like-a-led-balloon/
Fink, B. (2015, December 22). Berlins dunkle Parks: Warum macht keiner Licht an? Tagesspiegel. Retrieved March 13, 2018, from https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/wintersonnenwende-berlins-dunkle-parks-warum-macht-keiner-licht-an/12753002.html
Fisher, R., Ury, W., & Patton, B. (2011). Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving in (3rd ed.). New York: Penguin.
Fisher, S., Ibrahim Abdi, D., Ludin, J., Smith, R., Williams, S., & Williams, S. (2000). Working with Conflict. Zed Books.
Flyvberg, B. (2011). Case Study. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research (4th ed., pp. 301–316). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Fressoz, J.-B. (2007). The Gas Lighting Controversy: Technological Risk, Expertise, and Regulation in Nineteenth-Century Paris and London. Journal of Urban History, 33(5), 729–755. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144207301418
Glasl, F. (2004). Konfliktmanagement: Ein Handbuch für Führungskräfte, Beraterinnen und Berater (8th ed.). Bern u.a.: Freies Geistesleben.
Hasenöhrl, U. (2015). Lighting Conflicts From a Historical Perspective. In J. Meier, U. Hasenöhrl, K. Krause, & M. Pottharst (Eds.), Urban Lighting, Light Pollution and Society (pp. 105–124). New York/Oxon: Routledge.
Herrmann, S. (2015, November 26). Helle LED-Laternen: Der Widerstand wächst. Aachener Zeitung. Retrieved August 6, 2018, from http://www.aachener-zeitung.de/lokales/aachen/helle-led-laternen-der-widerstand-waechst-1.1234831
Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Imhof, L. (2017, July 14). Anwohner erheben Einsprache gegen die Beleuchtung im Grünfeld. Zürichsee-Zeitung. Retrieved May 3, 2018, from https://www.zsz.ch/obersee/anwohner-erheben-einsprachegegen-die-beleuchtung-im-gruenfeld/story/18956690
Ingel, M. (2018, May 18). Grafenberg: Es bleibt zappenduster auf dem “Grafenberger Deckel.” RP Online. Retrieved June 1, 2018, from https://rp-online.de/nrw/staedte/duesseldorf/stadtteile/grafenberg/es-bleibt-zappenduster-auf-dem-grafenberger-deckel_aid-22714199
Kögel, A. (2013, June 2). Leben in der Werbeanzeige: Protest gegen Cola-Plakat an Fassade. Der Tagesspiegel Online. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/leben-in-der-werbeanzeige-protest-gegen-cola-plakat-an-fassade/7746348.html
Koslofsky, C. (2002). Court Culture and Street Lighting in Seventeenth-Century Europe. Journal of Urban History, 28(6), 743–768. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144202028006004
Krause, K. (2015). Regulating Urban Lighting: Prospects for Institutional Change. In J. Meier, U. Hasenöhrl, K. Krause, & M. Pottharst (Eds.), Urban Lighting, Light Pollution and Society (pp. 125–140). New York/Oxon: Routledge.
Luhmann, N. (1984). Soziale Systeme: Grundriss einer allgemeinen Theorie. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Malsch, T., & Weiss, G. (2002). Conflicts in social theory and MAS. In C. Tessier, L. Chaudron, & H.-J. Müller (Eds.), Conflicting Agents: Conflict Management in Multi-Agent Systems (pp. 111–149). New York et al.: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Mason, S., & Rychard, S. (2005). Conflict Analysis Tools. Bern: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). Retrieved April 3, 2018, from https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/deza/en/documents/themen/fragile-kontexte/92755-tip-sheet-cat_EN.pdf
Meier, J. (2018). Temporal Profiles of Urban Lighting: Proposal for a research design and first results from three sites in Berlin. International Journal of Sustainable Lighting, 20(1), 11–28. https://doi.org/10.26607/ijsl.v19i2.82
Meyer, B. (2011). Entstehung und Austragungsformen von Konflikten, Hindernisse bei ihrer Regelung und Strategien, diese friedlich zu überwinden. In Konfliktregelung und Friedensstrategien (S. 27–100). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-92789-3_2
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2013). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Orlikowski, W. J. (1993). CASE Tools As Organizational Change: Investigating Incremental and Radical Changes in Systems Development. MIS Quarterly, 17(3), 309–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249774
Pottharst, M., & Wukovitsch, F. (2015). The Economics of Night-Time Illumination. In J. Meier, U. Hasenöhrl, K. Krause, & M. Pottharst (Eds.), Urban Lighting, Light Pollution and Society (pp. 203–223). New York/Oxon: Routledge.
Povoledo, E. (2017, March 27). Streetlight Fight in Rome: Golden Glow vs. Harsh LED. The New York Times. Retrieved November 16, 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/27/world/europe/rome-streetlights-led-lights.html
Radicchi, A., Meier, J., & Henckel, D. (2016). Urban Planning Challenges: Toward integrated approaches to sustainable lightscape and soundscape planning. Presented at the ALAN 2016, Cluj-Napoca. Retrieved July 28, 2017, from http://artificiallightatnight.weebly.com/uploads/3/7/0/5/37053463/radicchi-meier-henckel.pdf
Rehmann, M. (2013). Gewerbliche Beleuchtung im Wohnquartier – eine unterschätzte nächtliche Belastung? (Vol. 5). Berlin: Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin. Retrieved July 7, 2015, from http://www.verlustdernacht.de/tl_files/VDN/Literature/VdN-Band5_final_web.pdf
Roberts, M., & Turner, C. (2005). Conflicts of Liveability in the 24-hour City: Learning from 48 Hours in the Life of London’s Soho. Journal of Urban Design, 10(2), 171–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800500086931
Röderer, J. (2014, July 4). Freiburg: Beleuchtungskonzept: Mehr Licht für den Freiburger Münsterturm? Badische Zeitung. Retrieved July 24, 2014, from http://www.badische-zeitung.de/freiburg/mehr-licht-fuer-den-freiburger-muensterturm--87041121.html
Rucht, D., Koopmans, R., & Neidhardt, F. (1998). Introduction: Protest as a Subject of Empirical Research. In D. Rucht, R. Koopmans, & F. Niedhardt (Eds.), Acts of Dissent: New Developments in the Study of Protest (pp. 7–30). Berlin: Edition Sigma.
Schivelbusch, W. (2004). Lichtblicke: Zur Geschichte der künstlichen Helligkeit im 19. Jahrhundert. Frankfurt/Main: Fischer.
Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice. London: SAGE.
Schulreich, E. (2010, August 19). Strom sparen: Bad Lausick schaltet ab. Leipziger Volkszeitung. Retrieved August 7, 2018, from http://www.lvz.de/Region/Geithain/Strom-sparen-Bad-Lausick-schaltet-ab
Schulte-Römer, N. (2014). The Case of Berlin Gas Street Lighting. Translating Engagement into Innovation. In H. Knoblauch, M. Jacobs, & R. Tuma (Eds.), Culture, Communication, and Creativity: Reframing the Relations of Media, Knowledge, and Innovation in Society (1st ed., pp. 303–324). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Schulte-Römer, N. (2015). Innovating in public: the introduction of LED lighting in Berlin and Lyon. TU Berlin, Berlin. Retrieved from https://depositonce.tu-berlin.de//handle/11303/5211
Schulte-Römer, N., Dannemann, E., & Meier, J. (2018). Light Pollution: A Global Discussion. Leipzig: Umweltforschungszentrum (UFZ). In press.
Schultz, N. (2003). Factual Disputes. G. Burgess & H. Burgess (Eds.), Beyond Intractability. Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Retrieved September 4, 2018, from https://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/factual_disputes
Schulz, K. (2018, June 8). Bürger in Frotheim haben Angst vor “Lichtverschmutzung.” Neue Westfälische. Retrieved June 11, 2018, from http://www.nw.de/lokal/kreis_minden_luebbecke/espelkamp/22158568_Buerger-in-Frotheim-haben-Angst-vor-Lichtverschmutzung.html
Spitzmüller, C. (2016, 22). Märkisches Viertel in Berlin: Anwohner stören sich an nächtlicher Dauerbeleuchtung. Tagesspiegel. Retrieved March 12, 2018, from https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/maerkisches-viertel-in-berlin-anwohner-stoeren-sich-an-naechtlicher-dauerbeleuchtung/13488150.html
Stone, T. (2017). Light Pollution: A Case Study in Framing an Environmental Problem. Ethics, Policy & Environment, 20(3), 279–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2017.1374010
Torre, A., Melot, R., Magsi, H., Bossuet, L., Cadoret, A., Caron, A., … Kolokouris, O. (2014). Identifying and measuring land-use and proximity conflicts: methods and identification. SpringerPlus, 3(85). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-85
Trudelle, C. (2003). Au-delà des mouvements sociaux: une typologie relationnelle des conflits urbains. Cahiers de géographie du Québec, 47(131), 223–242. https://doi.org/10.7202/007573ar
von der Dunk, A., Grêt-Regamey, A., Dalang, T., & Hersperger, A. M. (2011). Defining a typology of peri-urban land-use conflicts – A case study from Switzerland. Landscape and Urban Planning, 101(2), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.007
Wright, W. (2015, June 9). Light pollution in the Historic River District. Retrieved June 22, 2015, from http://www.scrippsmedia.com/fox4now/news/306695891.html
Zumtobel. (2013). The Lighting Handbook. Dornbirn: Zumtobel. Retrieved June 25, 2015, from https://www.zumtobel.com/PDB/teaser/SV/Lichthandbuch.pdf
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